Preface

Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, established on 20 January, 1987 has a distinction of serving the tribal farmers of Eastern Madhya Pradesh called ‘Chhattisgarh region’. With poor socio-economic conditions, the area is predominantly mono-cropped with rice as the major crop grown during the rainy season. After rice small millets like kodo, kutki occupy a major area. Lathyrus, which is banned in other states, is a major rabi crop grown as relay crop (utera) after rice. Horticulture, though there is a great potential, is very much neglected in this region. The live-stock population is very high but the milk production is very low due to nutrition problems.

The expansion of agriculture education in this region is negligible. In agrarian areas like Chhattisgarh, agricultural vocational courses are very much important besides higher education in agriculture.

This region is larger than some of the states in India. But the man-power and financial resources of the University are very less as compared to other states. In the other words, the scientific out-put per lakh rupees spent is the highest in this university. Extension education also needs strengthening. Unless proper infrastructure is developed for extension education, the transfer of technology is very difficult in this area.

Even with all these constraints, IGAU is marching ahead with confidence and vigour. However, looking into the great agricultural potential including horticulture, animal sciences, fisheries and forestry, it is necessary to strengthen the University in the next two decades. With this view, the Vision 2020, the perspective plan of the University, is prepared with moderate expansion during the IX, X, XI and XII 5-year plan periods. Unless, this moderate development in agricultural research, education and extension is made in this region, it would be far from reality to exploit the great potential of the region.

It is hoped that the base document like “Vision 2020” will be highly useful in chalking out various programmes that will bring about socio-economic developments of rural people. The inputs provided for compilation of this document is thankfully acknowledged.


(V.K. Patil)
Vice-Chancellor

In Madhya Pradesh, there are two state agricultural universities (SAUs) viz. Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (JNKVV), Jabalpur and Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (IGKV). Based on the land-grant pattern of USA, the IGKV came into existance on 20th January 1987 by bifurcating from the JNKVV. Prior to establishment of IGKV, Raipur has one agricultural college, established in 1961 and one College of Dairy Technology, established in 1983. The College of Veterinary & AH was established prior to establishment of IGKV, in 1985 at Anjora (Durg). The Faculty of Agricultural Engineering was made functional in 1996 and is situated in Raipur. The rice research at Raipur, in fact, was age old which was estabilished as Labhandi research farm in 1903 mainly, as a seed production centre.

1.1 Jurisdiction and agroclimatic zones

The jurisdiction of Indira Gandhi Agricultural University is Chhattisgarh region (including Balaghat district) situated in Eastern Madhya Pradesh. It is located between 17o41’ and 24o45’N latitudes and 79o30’ and 84o15’ E longitudes (Fig.1 ). It has a geographic area of 14.4 million ha. This region is divided into three agroclimatic zones (ACZ). The different districts coming under each agroclimatic zone are shown below :

S.No.	Agroclimatic zone	Districts
1.	Chhattisgarh plains	Raipur, Durg, Rajnandgaon, Bilaspur, Balaghat, Raigarh, Mahasamund, Dhamtari, Kawardha, Korba, Janjgir-Champa and Kanker.
2.	Bastar plateau	Bastar and Dantewara
3.	Northern hill region	Surguja, Jashpur and Koriya

The general climate of the region is dry sub-humid type according to Thornthwaite’s climatic classification. The average rainfall of the region is about 1400 mm, of which 90 per cent is received during the South- West (SW) monsoon season only, that is, from June to September. The monsoon sets in around 10th June in the southern most tip of Bastar district and extends over the entire area by 25th June. The monsoon starts withdrawing from northern parts from mid September and withdraws from the entire area by 25th September.

The day temperatures during peak summer season are usually very high varying with averages of 43oC at Raigarh to 38oC at Jagdalpur in the second-third decades of May. At Raipur the day temperatures are consistently high (greater than 40oC) right from mid April to first week of June and on a few occcasions the day temperatures reach about 47­­­­oC. The winter conditions set in by mid November when the average minimum temperature reaches around 15oC. The northern districts have longer duration and severe winters as compared to southern districts of Bastar and Raipur divisions.

1.2.1 Rainfall distribution

The annual and seasonal rainfall characteristics in different districts of each agroclimatic zone (ACZ) are shown in the table 1. It can be seen that the average annual rainfall of Chhattisgarh plains is 1422 mm distributed over 64 rainy days and it is 1452 mm for Bastar plateau distributed over 72 rainy days. In Northern hills, it is 1610 mm distributed over 83 rainy days. In Chhattisgarh plains about 91 per cent of the rainfall is received during monsoon (June-September) season while at Bastar plateau and Northern hills it is 93 and 90 per cent respectively. However, the rainfall during winter/ rabi season is very less in all the three ACZs. The rainfall during winter / rabi season at Chhattisgarh plains, Bastar plateau and Northern hills are 102.5 mm, 106 mm and 162 mm respectively.

Table 1 Annual rainfall and its distribution during cropping season

Agroclimatic zones and districts	Annual Rainfall		Kharif Rainfall
Chhattisgarh plains	Amount (mm)	Rainy days	Rainy days	Amount (mm)
Raipur Bilaspur Balaghat Durg Rajnandgaon Raigarh Sarangarh Kanker Average	1384.9 1391.7 1632.2 1308.8 1214.8 1639.2 1445.8 1371.0 1422.4	62.3 70.9 71.8 62.5 64.3 72.8 68.1 68.7 63.9	55.2 62.1 63.9 54.6 55.8 64.6 59.4 59.0 59.2	1299.2 1290.7 1523.4 1208.4 1102.9 1533.7 1334.2 1267.0 1319.9
Bastar plateau
Bastar (excluding Kanker)	1451.6	72.0	63.5	1345.6
Northernhills Region
Surguja Jashpur Average	1493.2 1726.6 1609.9	75.7 91.6 83.6	66.0 78.5 71.3	1371.9 1523.8 1440.9

The land use pattern of different districts of Chhattisgarh region is shown in Table 2. It can be seen from the table that the forest area in this region is the highest in Bastar plateau (62.4 %) followed by Northern hills. The cultivable waste land is also the highest in Bastar plateau (1.65 lakh hectares).

Table 2 Land use pattern in Chhattisgarh region. (area : '000 ha)

S.No.	Land category	Chhattisgarh plains	Bastar plateau	Northern hills	Total (IGKV)	M.P.
1.	Geographical area	8297.2	3911.4	2233.7	14442.3	44348.2
2.	Forest	3048.6(36.7)	2410.9(61.6)	1077.8(48.2)	6532.3(45.2)	14211.0(32.0)
3.	Land under non agricultural uses	512.2	99.1	112.0	723.3	2486.9
4.	Barren & unculturable land	226.6	106.3	20.7	353.5	1744.8
5.	Permanent pastures and other grazing land	542.0	128.1	256.4	926.5	2683.3
6.	Land under misc. Tree crops & groves etc.	1.0	-	-	1.0	22.2
7.	Culturable waste land	165.1	183.4	-	348.5	1459.7
8.	Old and current fallow	276.8	96.3	91.4	464.5	1528.4
9.	Net sown area	3650.8	876.1	595.4	5122.0	19751.9
10.	Croppring intensity (%)	124.0	104.0	115.0	114.0	127.0

Source : Basic Agricultural Statistics 1991-92 to 1995-96 Commissioner, Land records and settlement M.P. Gwalior.

As such detailed soil maps of this region are not available. The National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSLUP), Nagpur had conducted extensive soil survey in this area and the soil maps would be made available soon.

In Chhattisgarh plains four typically different soils exist almost in every village. They are lateritic (bhata), sandy loam (matasi), clay loam (dorsa) and clayey (kanhar) soils. These soils follow the topography with lateritic soils at the top followed by the other soils in that order. The clayey soils are at the bottom of topography with very little slope and during active monsoon period the pseudo water table becomes very shallow causing water logged conditions(Fig. 2) .In Bastar plateau, the soils also vary greatly along with the slope (Fig. 3.). They are locally known as Tikra, Marhar, Mal, Gabhar etc. Same is the case with Northern hills where eroded hilly soils are followed by Tikra, Goda Chawar, Chawar, Bahara etc.

In general, the entire region is a mono cropped area with predominent rice cultivation during kharif season followed by small millets. The area of rice during kharif season varies from 93 per cent in Raipur district to 64 per cent in Surguja district while the area of small millet is about 14 per cent in Bastar district. In recent years, the area of soybean is increasing in Rajnandgaon, Durg, Raipur and Bilaspur districts in heavy black soils locally known 'Kanhar'.

In rabi season, linseed, lathyrus and gram are grown mostly as relay crop (locally called Utera). The utera crop is taken mostly in heavy soils with higher moisture retentive capacity. The area of linseed varies from about 22 per cent of rabi area in Rajnandgaon to about 10-12 per cent in other districts. In Raipur and Bilaspur districts with relatively higher area under irrigation, wheat is also grown in about 7 per cent of the rabi area in these two districts.

The general cropping system in different soils in the three agroclimatic zones in Table 3.

Table 3 General cropping system in the three agroclimatic zones.

Agroclimatic Zones	Soils	Cropping System
Chhattisgarh plains
1	Upland	Rice / Kodo / Til / Mung
2	Medium soils	Rainfed : Rice /Groundnut / Til Irrigated : Rice-Wheat / Mustard / Gram / Vegetables Rice-Rice / Groundnut
3	Medium to owland bunded	Rainfed : Rice-Lathyrus / Linseed / Gram Irrigated : Rice-Wheat / Rapeseed & Mustard /Gram Rice-Rice / Groundnut
4	Heavy soils(upland)	Rainfed : Soybean-Gram / Linseed Arhar / Kodo / Mung
Bastar Plateau
1	Upland	Rainfed : Kodo-Kutki / Niger / Kulthi / Rice / Maize / Vegetable
2	Medium land	Rainfed : Rice / Niger / Kodo-Kutki / Kulthi/Arhar / Maize Irrigated : Rice-Wheat / Gram / Potato / Vegetables
3	Lowlands (heavy soils)	Rice-Fallow Rice-Gram / Wheat / Linseed / Toria
Northern Hills
1	Uplands	Kodo-Kutki /Groundnut / Til / Niger/ Potato / Arhar
1	Uplands	Kodo-Kutki /Groundnut / Til / Niger/ Potato / Arhar

With majority of the population under scheduled castes and tribes, which varies from 73% of the total population in Bastar district to about 25% in Durg district, the challenges are many in the overall agricultural development in the region. Though, the land holdings of marginal and medium farmers vary from 12 per cent in Bastar to 30 per cent in Raipur district, their number varies from about 5.0 lakhs in Raipur district to 1.3 lakhs in Bastar district. It is, therefore, the biggest challenge to improve the socio-economic conditions of these farmers. The irrigated area is not only less but also defective and therefore, the impact of irrigation is also not seen. The live-stock population of the region is very high. The cow and bullock population is 3-4 times higher than buffalo population and it is, therefore, one of the reasons of low milk production. The draught power of the animals is also very low and the mechanization process is very slow. As a result, the farmers mostly follow the age old traditional practices of agriculture like broadcast biasi method of rice cultivation, relay cropping (utera) during rabi etc.

Being a monocropped area, the land-less labour and marginal farmers (with holdings less than 1 ha area) migrate to other states in search of employment after kharif season. This not only disturbes their lives but also deprives their children from education. Even during the crop season, they sow their crop and work in large farmers' fields for their day to day subsistence. As a result, their own crop is neglected and they harvest very poor yields.

Some of the major challenges of the University in the 21st century are briefly mentioned below :

1. Increasing the productivity of all crops in a sustained manner
2. Effective utilization of wasteland
3. Establishment of wide net-work of agro-based industries even in remote areas like Bastar
4. Improvement in live stock production through efficient breeding, health care etc.
5. Improvement in the training methodologies specially in strategic fields like wasteland development, agroforestry, rainwater harvesting etc.
6. Insect-weather forecasting
7. Increasing the use of organic and bio-fertilizers
8. Utilization of renewable natural resources
9. Biotechnology for crop improvement
10. Integrated pest management (IPM)
11. Integrated nutrient management (INM)
12. Promotion of export of agricultural products
13. Improvement in farm implements
14. Establishment of good linkage between the University and industries
15. Resource mobilization and income generation
16. Development of science & Technology parks

All these factors are challenges to the University whose primary objective is agricultural development and generation of year-round employment through technological interventions and extension education to these marginal and small farmers.

The University at present has four faculties viz. Agriculture, Veterinary and A.H., Dairy Technology and Agricultural Engineering. The Agriculture faculty offers undergraduate, post graduate and Ph.D. courses while the Veterinary and A.H. faculty offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses. The Dairy Technology faculty at present offers only undergraduate courses while the Agricultural Engineering faculty offers postgraduate courses only.

Under research there are 3 zonal research stations at each agro climatic zone with headquarters at Raipur, Jagdalpur and Ambikapur and 3 regional research stations situated at Bilaspur, Waraseoni and Raigarh. Also, there are two sub-stations at Bhatapara and Baronda which cater the needs of the seed production programme of the University.

Under extension education there are, at present, 4 KVKs situated at Bilaspur, Ambikapur, Badgaon and Anjora (Durg). Three more KVKs are expected to function soon at Rajnandgaon, Raigarh and Jagdalpur.

The Vice-Chancellor is the executive head of the University. The Governor of Madhya Pradesh is the Chancellor of the University. The Vice-Chancellor is assisted by the statutorary officers like Deans, Directors, Registrar, Comptroller and Superintendent of Physical Plant. The colleges of these faculties are headed by Deans and the education, research, extension are headed by Directors of Instruction, Research and Extension respectively.

The University is governed by the Board of Management (BoM) for which the Vice-Chancellor is the Chairman. The Secretaries of the departments of Agriculture, Finance, Veterinary, Dairy Development and Fisheries are the ex-officio members. Besides, three members who are eminent scientists with the background of research and education in i) Agriculture, ii) Veterinary, Fisheries and Dairy and iii) Agricultural Engineering are nominated by the Chancellor. Another three members, one distinguished industrialist, one eminent woman social worker having background of rural advancement and one progressive farmer, preferably belonging to SC/ST, are nominated by the State Government. A representative of ICAR nominated by the Director General of ICAR, is also a member of BoM.

The academic activities of the University are reviewed from time to time by the Academic Council of the University which formulates the rules and regulations for the academic activity. The Vice-Chancellor is the Chairman and Registrar is the Secretary of the Academic Council. All the Deans, Directors and Heads of the Departments of all the faculties are the members of the Academic Council. Besides one member from each faculty are elected by the respective teachers for a period of two years. In addition to these, Vice-Chancellor nominates three academicians from different agricultural institutions.

The day to day administration of the University is governed by the Administrative Council for which the Vice-Chancellor is the chairman and the Registrar is the secretary. The other members of Administrative Council are the Comptroller, all the Deans of Faculties, Deans of Colleges, Dean Student Welfare, Directors of Research and Extension and Superintendent of Physical Plant. Two Professors each from the faculties of Agriculture and Veterinary and AH and one Professor from faculties of Dairy Technology and Agriculture Engineering are nominated by the Vice-Chancellor for a period of two years.

Indira Gandhi Agricultural University (IGAU) was born on 20th January 1987, as the twenty sixth Agricultural University of the country based on the land grant pattern of the United States of America. The jurisdiction of IGAU consists of the following districts of Eastern Madhya Pradesh viz. Raipur, Bilaspur, Durg, Rajnandgaon, Surguja, Raigarh, Bastar and Balaghat. Now the districts are reorganized and at present there are 17 districts in the jurisdiction area of IGAU. (Fig. 1).

As per the Act 4-1987 of Madhya Pradesh Government, under which IGAU was established, the main objectives of the University are as follows :

1. Making provisions for the education in agriculture and other allied sciences.
2. Furthering the prosecution of research, particularly, in agriculture and other allied sciences.
3. Undertaking field extension programmes.
4. Such other purposes related to the aforesaid with the object of improving the level of living of rural people as the State Government may, by notification, direct.

3. GROWTH

Though the University came into existence in 1987, the growth of agricultural education, research and extension started in Chhattisgarh much earlier. The growth of the teaching, research and extension education in this area are highlighted below :

3.1 Education

College of Agriculture

The University is presently offering different UG, PG and Ph.D. Courses in different Colleges / faculties which are as follows :

The growth of different faculties in this area is as given under:

S.No.	Degree	Year of start	Duration
A)	Agriculture Faculty
	B.Sc. (Ag.)	1968	2 years
	M.Sc. (Ag.)	1961	4 years
	Ph.D	1990	3 years
B)	Dairy Technology Faculty
	B.Tech (D.T.)	1983	4 years
C)	Veterinary & AH Faculty
	B.V.Sc.	1985	4 years
	M.V.Sc.	1996-97	2 years
D)	Agricultural Engineering Faculty
	M.Tech. (A.E.)	1997	2 years

With the introduction of NARP, the rice research station of Raipur was elevated as Zonal Agricultural Research Station (ZARS) in 1979 and the existing M.P. Rice Research Institute was merged with the ZARS. Two new Regional Agricultural Research Stations (RARS) were started at Jagdalpur and Ambikapur to cater the research needs of Bastar plateau and Northern hills agro-climatic zones respectively. The two research stations situated at Bilaspur and Waraseoni were brought under ZARS, Raipur as RARSs.

The research farms situated at Baronda and Bhatapara were also brought under ZARS, Raipur as seed multiplication centres.

Later under NARP-Phase II, the two RARSs at Jagdalpur and Ambikapur were elevated as ZARSs and a new RARS was opened at Raigarh to cater the research needs of Trans-Mahanadi area of Chhattisgarh plains. Thus, under ZARS, Raipur there are three RARSs while in the two ZARSs, there are no other research stations at present.

The lead and verification functions of the three ZARSs at the three agroclimatic zones are as below :

a) Chhattisgarh plains

Lead functions

1. Soil and Water management in high rainfall area
2. Rice
3. Suitable cropping system for different soil types
4. Linseed
5. Lathyrus

Verification Functions

1. Cereals-Wheat, kodo-kutki
2. Pulses-Mung, urd, pigeonpea, gram
3. Oil Seeds-Soybean, groundnut, rapeseed-mustard
4. Horticultural crops

Testing Functions

1. Til, sunflower, safflower
2. Farm implements
3. Animal nutrition
4. Agroforestry

b) Bastar plateau

Lead function

Integrated crop-livestock-silvi and aquaculture farming system

Verification Functions

1. Cereals - Rice, Small millets
2. Oilseed - Niger, sesamum, rapeseed - mustard
3. Pulses - Lathyrus, gram, urd
4. Horticultural crops - Pineapple, mango, citrus, guava, chestnut
5. Plantation - Cashew, pepper, coffee
6. Tuber crops - Sweet potato, potato, beet root

Testing Functions

1. Maize
2. Agricultural implements

c) Northern hills

Lead function

Soil and water management and rainfed farming in hilly areas.

Verification functions

1. Cereals - Rice, maize, wheat, kodo-kutki, ragi
2. Oilseeds - Niger, rapeseed-mustard, sesamum, groundnut
3. Pulses - Kulthi, urd, gram
4. Horticulture crops
5. Tuber crops
6. Agroforestry
7. Mixed farming

Testing functions

1. Agricultural implements
2. Leguminous fodder

After the establishment of IGAU, the thrust areas of research like horticulture, fisheries, agroforestry, agrometeorology, micro-biology, plant physiology, biotechnology, etc. have been identified and strengthened.

3.3 Extension Education

Prior to the establishment of IGAU, extension education was a part of the ZARS, Raipur. However, the Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) was established in 1984-85 at Bilaspur under JNKVV and it was later became a part of IGAU. The Directorate of Extension at IGAU was established in 1990 and a few scientists were deployed from other establishments.

Later another KVK was started at Badgaon in Balaghat district in 1991 which was followed by KVK at Anjora (Durg) in 1993 and KVK at Ambikapur in 1995. KVK Jagdalpur has recently been sanctioned. Two more KVKs at Rajnandgaon and Raigarh are proposed and they may be started in near future.

The Dean Student Welfare (DSW) was appointed in 1993 as per the provision in the IGAU Act. The mandate of DSW is to coordinate various activities of the students of the University, encourage and provide proper guidance for their career development, motivate them to undertake self employment projects financed by both private and public organizations. The mandate also includes instillating dignity of labour through NSS, patriotism, discipline and social responsibility through NSS and NCC etc.

The total sanctioned posts under various establishments of the University are as follows.

Branch	Professor*	Associate Professor	Asst. Prof.
Education
Agric. Faculty	5	15	49
Dairy Tech.Faculty	3	5	10
Vet. & AH Faculty	13	32	50
Vet. & AH Faculty	-	6	9
Research	19	73	131
Extension	-	-	-
Total	40	131	249

(* Excluding Deans, & Directors)

3.6 Collaboration with other organizations

IGAU has strong research linkages with various national and international organizations like BARC, SAC, ICRISAT, ICGEB, etc. Also there is a strong linkage with International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Banos, Philippines and a number of scientists have been given advanced training in various thrust areas of rice research. IGAU has another collaborative project with Europian Commonity (EC) on lathyrus development. Through this linkage, lathyrus varieties of low ODAP (toxic substance) content have been developed and are in pipeline.

4. ACHIEVEMENTS

4.1 Education


4.1.1 Faculty of Agriculture

The Faculty of Agriculture has 13 departments for imparting UG and PG teaching. Before the establishment of IGAU, the college had PG programme in 5 departments. After the IGKV was set up, PG teaching was extended to three more disciplines.

4.1.1.1 UG & PG Courses

The year-wise number of students admitted under various UG and PG courses at College of Agriculture are given below.

Table Yearly number of admissions in UG and PG Courses at College of Agriculture, Raipur

Year	UG Course	PG Course
	Students admitted	Students admitted
1987-88	0	44
1988-89	33	39
1989-90	57	41
1990-91	64	41
1991-92	59	0
1992-93	59	0
1993-94	61	36
1994-95	59	46
1995-96	59	49
1996-97	59	48
1997-98	62	49

During the two convocations of the University held till 1997, the total degrees awarded are as follow :

M.Sc. (Ag.)	166
B.Sc. (Ag)	408
B.V.Sc. & A.H.	77
B.Tech. (Dairy)	100

4.1.1.2 List of Departments in College of Agriculture

1. Agronomy
2. Plant Breeding & Genetics
3. Soil Science
4. Entomology
5. Plant Pathology
6. Horticulture
7. Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics
8. Land & Water Management
9. Agricultural Extension
10. Mathematics & Agricultural Statistics
11. Physics & Agro-meteorology
12. Forestry
13. Fisheries
14. Plant Physiology

4.1.1.3 Students' achievements

The students of this College of Agriculture are posted as officers in defence, Bank Managers, General Manager of Cooperatives, Joint and Deputy Directors of Agriculture, etc. besides scientific positions under various organizations. Recently one of the students of the college Mr. Deepak Gupta has been selected for IAS Allied Services and has been posted as an administrator in Railway Services.

4.1.1.4 Cultural activities

The college students have been selected for National Competition by All India Universities Association after successfully performing at Eastern region competition. The college students are always involved in extra-curricular activities like games, sports, quiz competition, etc.

4.1.1.5 NCC activities

• NCC classes started from July 1998 to Feb. 1999 in all 20 classes (each class duration 8 AM to 12 Noon) are conducted on Saturday during the above months.
• Total enrolled cadets - 67
• Excellence : SGT. LOKESH DEVA - `C' certificate holder (1996-97) commissed as Lieutinent in Armed forces through combined Defence Services (CDS) exams during 1998.
• Camps attendend during this session by NCC cadets

`B' and `C' Certificate Examination 1998-99: Maximum number of cadets from Agriculture College were eligible for `B' and `C' Certificate Exams during this year from 5CTI Coy NCC, Raipur.

Number of cadets appeared for `B' Certi. Exams. - 20

Number of cadets appeared for `C' Certi. Exams. - 21

Rank

Cdt K. Nagbhushan Naidu - Senior Under Officer

Cdt. Adikant Pradhan - Under Officer

4.1.2 Faculty of Dairy Technology

The College of Dairy Technology offers B. Tech. Degree in Dairy Technology. The intake is 23 students per year. There are 4 departments in the College of Dairy Technology which are as follows :

1. Dairy Technology
2. Dairy Engineering
3. Dairy Microbiology
4. Dairy Chemistry

4.1.2.1 UG Course

The College offers only UG course and the number of students admitted from 1987 onwards are as follows :

Year	Students admitted
1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98	2 3 6 15 11 17 - 21 21 21 21

4.1.3 Faculty of Veterinary & A.H.

In the faculty of Vet. & A.H., till 1996 only B.V.Sc. degree was offered and from 1996-97 academic session M.V.Sc. in 8 disciplines has been started. At present there are 15 departments in the College of Vet. & AH which are as follows :

1. Veterinary Anatomy
2. Veterinary Physiology
3. Veterinary Biochemistry
4. Animal Production and Management
5. Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology
6. Veterinary Parasitology
7. Veterinary Microbiology
8. Veterinary Pathology
9. Animal Nutrition
10. Animal Breeding & Genetics
11. Veterinary Medicine
12. Veterinary Surgery and Radiology
13. Veterinary Obstetrics and Gynaecology
14. Poultry Science
15. Preventive Medicine

4.1.3.1 UG & PG Courses

The number of students admitted in the College of Vet. & AH from 1987 are as follows

Year	Students admitted
1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98	10 9 9 7 16 36 21 21 6 24 27

4.1.4 Faculty of Agricultural Engineering

From 1996-97 the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering was activated and a 2 year PG programme (M.Tech.) has been started initially with an intake capacity of 4 students each in 3 departments. At present there are 4 departments in the faculty which are as follows :

1. Soil Water Engineering
2. Farm Implements and Machine
3. Agricultural Processing and Food Engineering
4. Energy in Agriculture

4.2 Library Facilities

At IGAU, there is one central library named as Nehru library. It caters the needs of all UG, PG & Ph.D. students. There are about 22,600 books in the library. The number of books, periodicals, back volumes etc. in the Nehru Library are as follows:

1	Books	22,606
2	Periodicals
	a) Indian	100
	b) Foreign	20 ( till 1996-97)
3	News papers & Magazines	8
4	Back volumes	4027
5	Theses	494

The College of Veterinary and AH is situated at Anjora (Durg) and it is difficult for the student to approach Nehru Library every time. Hence, the college also maintains a separate library.

4.3 Computer Facilities

4.3.1 Computer Centre

The University has a good computer centre through which the University accounts like pay bills, GPF & CPF accounts etc., are maintained. Also, it has good capability for DTP composing and the University research journal 'Journal of Agricultural Issues' and the extension journal 'Chhattisgarh Kheti' are fully composed here. Besides, all other publications of the University are composed in the computer centre.

4.3.2 ARIS Cell

With the financial assistance of ICAR, the ARIS Cell has been estabilished in the University Campus. Through local area networking (LAN) the ARIS Cell has been linked with all the departments, University administration and all the Directorates. Internet connectivity is being obtained through VSAT.

Also, the two outside ZARSs and the College of Veterinary & AH have been provided computers under ARIS and LAN facilities shall be created at these places too in near future.

4.4. University Farms

The University has farms spread over Chhattisgarh region. The total area under these 9 farms is 1133.41 ha out of which 168.44 ha is under roads and buildings. Thus, the net cultivated area is 974.97 ha.

S.No.	Name of the farms	Total area (ha)	Area under road, building, tank etc. (ha)
1	Research Farm, Raipur	87.02	28.96
2	Instructional Farm, Raipur	86.40	41.40
3	Baronda Farm, Raipur	51.19	16.99
4	Sarkanda Farm, Bilaspur	24.74	2.00
5	Murjhad Farm, Waraseoni	20.30	4.98
6	Boirdadar Farm, Raigarh	25.55	4.55
7	Ajirma Farm, Ambikapur	42.50	15.00
8	Kumhrawand Farm, Jagdalpur	102.40	34.40
9	D.K. Farm, Bhatapara*	693.31	20.16
Total		1133.41	168.44

* The land of this farm is scattered over 15 villages and within a village the land is fragmented in several pieces. This land was donated to the Govt. by heirs of Dau Kalyan Singh Ji, in 1959. No infrastructural facilities have so far been created.

4.5 Research

4.5.1 Varietal improvement

4.5.1.1 Rice

i) Rice varieties released

In 1996, three rice varieties developed by the University have been released and notified by the Central Seeds Sub Committee. These are: Mahamaya, Shyamala and Poornima. These varieties were developed for addressing the problems of different groups of rice farmers. Shyamala, which has purple leaf colour, is suitable for wild rice (karga) eradication which is a major problem of direct seeded rice. Besides purple leaf colour, it has long slender grains. Mahamaya is a medium duration high yielding variety and is recommended for Madhya Pradesh, Tripura and Sambalpur area of Orissa. It possesses resistance against gall midge biotype-1 (Gm 1) and is tolerant to bacterial blight, sheath rot, drought and white backed plant hopper. It is capable of yielding upto 6 tons of paddy per ha and is especially suitable for poha (flaked rice) making. Poornima is an early variety of 105 days duration. It has long slender fine grain and is having yield potential of about 4 t per ha. This variety is recommended for entire Madhya Pradesh , especially in light soil areas and uplands.

ii) Promising varieties

a) Medium duration and multiple resistant

The present mandate of the University is breeding multiple resistant, medium duration and quality rice varieties. Work is in progress in this line. Rice variety R 650-1817 having the above required qualities is in the pipe line.

Some of the other important strains of this group and their average yield in the last 4 years is as follows :

Strain	Average yield (q/ha)
R 741-1-55-2-1 R 304-34 R 704-2-74-2-23 R 650-1817 R 703-23-1-2-1 Mahamaya	48.5 50.4 49.5 45.7 47.0 46.1

b) Early duration group

Among the early group, another variety R 302-111 is in the pipe line which has resistance to gallmidge. The 8 years mean yield (kg/ha) of this variety at different locations of M.P. along with other popular varieties of this group are shown below :

(kg/ha)
Variety	Locations
	Raipur	Jagdalpur	Jabalpur	Rewa	Mean
R 302-311	3371	2629	3684	2766	3149
Kalinga-3	1693	2234	2710	2672	2263
Poorva	3162	2316	4181	3003	3192

4.5.1.3 Lathyrus

During rabi, lathyrus is another important crop. However, it contains a toxic substance, popularly known as B.O.A.A. (ODAP), which is responsible for causing a crippling disease in human beings called "lathyrism". The low ODAP content in some of lines identified ranges from 0.1 to 0.29 as against in traditional varieties having ODAP content of 0.45% as shown below :

Variety	Yield (q/ha)		ODAP (%)
	Upland *	Utera * *	Upland	Utera
BioL-212 Pusa-24 Local	13.83 11.99 10.48	8.63 7.64 6.70	0.099 0.286 0.45	0.104 0.290 0.430

* Mean of 5 years * * Mean of 3 years

BioL-212 gives about 15% higher yield over Pusa-24 and this variety has been released by Central Varietal Release Committee (CVRC) for all zones of the Country.

The crop improvement work in other crops like wheat, gram, lathyrus, peas, mungbean, soybean, kulthi is also in progress. Some of the varieties of these crops are performing well in All India Co-ordinated Trials.

4.5.1.4 Wheat

i) Varieties identified for normal and late sown conditions

New wheat varieties DL 803-3 (Kanchan), GW-273 & GW-190 have performed better for November sown as compared to popular varieties Mangla and Swati. For late sown conditions, variety GW 173, DL 788-2 out yielded over the recommended variety, LOK-1.

ii) Promising lines

Promising lines i.e. MP-5001, MP-5002, MP-5003, MP-5004, MP-5005, MP-5006, MP 5007, MP 5008, MP 5009 and MP 5010 developed at Bilaspur Centre were tested at national level and their performance is being assessed. Among these lines MP 5005 tested in national trial NIVT-2 in 1996 and produced higher yield (40.6 q/ha) over LOK-1 (38.1 q/ha). This line possesses resistance to brown and black rusts.

Leaf blight of wheat caused by Alternaria triticina is the most important foliar disease of Chhattisgarh region. The disease appears in severe form in natural conditions. Out of one hundred thirty four lines tested for their response, VL 614 was found to be resistant and varieties - CPAN 1923,CPAN 2051 and VL 616 were found moderately resistant. All the popular varieties viz. Swati, LOK-1, C 306, Sujata, Hybrid 65, Sonalika and WH 147 were found susceptible to this disease.

4.5.2 Germplasm collection

4.5.2.1 Rice

The local germplasm of rice was collected between 1971 to 1976 by Dr.R.H.Richharia from different rice growing regions of the Madhya Pradesh. A total of 19,095 accessions were collected. Currently, University is maintaining 20,678 accessions, which is one of the largest collections of local land races. Some of the details of the germplasm are as follows:-

S.No.	Maturity Group	Duration (days)	Number of accessions
A. Indigenous Lines
1 2 3 4 5	Extra early Very early Early Medium Late	Upto 95 96-110 111-125 126-140 Above 140	480 1197 3425 4946 7912
Total: 17960
B. Exotic Breeding Lines			709
C. Wild Rice			204
D. Miscellaneous (Upland, BD lines etc.)			1805
Grand Total: 20678

All the 20,678 lines have preliminarily been evaluated for important qualitative and quantitative characters both in the field and in laboratory. Under a network project, these accessions are being evaluated for resistance against various biotic stresses, particularly against BLB, blast, gall midge and brown plant hopper in several locations in the country.

So far, the entire germplasm is being grown each year for maintenance, as there were no suitable cold storage facilities. Recently, ICAR has provided a module for medium term storage, in which seeds can be stored safely for 8-10 years without loosing viability. This will greatly reduce the expenses and time for growing germplasm every year.

4.5.2.2 Lathyrus

The systematic evaluation of germplasm of lathyrus is in progress. The catalogue of 1187 accessions of lathyrus has been published in December, 1995 and the work is in progress for evaluation of the remaining accessions.

4.5.3 Genetic studies for identification of new gall midge resistant gene(s)

Genetic studies carried out through screening of F1, F2 and F3 segregating generations of different crosses led to the identification of three new gall midge resistant genes : Gm-3 a recessive gene was found in Vellucthacheera derivative RP 2068-18-3-5, Gm 4 dominant resistant gene was found in PTB 10 derivative, Abhaya and Gm 5 dominant resistant gene was found in ARC 5984. In collaboration with International Centre for Genetic Engineering Biotechnology (I.C.G.B.), New Delhi, the Gm 4 gall midge resistant gene present in Abhaya has been mapped for its location on chromosome no-8 between markers R 1813 and S 1633 B. Also molecular marker for this gene has been developed and Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) for gall midge can now be carried in the biotechnology laboratory and this considerably reduces the time required for developing gallmidge resistant varieties.

4.5.4 Breeding rust resistant soybean

Soybean is a new crop introduced in Chhattisgarh. In this area, severe incidence of rust of soybean was observed in the crop sown after 15th of July. Among a large number of varieties grown at the research station, a few plants were observed to be free from rust in JS 80-21 and JS 75-46. Single plant selections were made in these varieties and progenies were raised.

These progenies were evaluated in preliminary yield test during kharif 1995 and rabi 1995-96. Eight progenies from JS 80-21 were finally retained as rust resistant. Out of these, 3 progenies were entered in All-India Co-ordinated Initial Yield Trials during kharif 1996. On the basis of performance in All India Co-ordinated Trials, these 3 strains, RSC-1, RSC-2 and RSC-3 were promoted for testing in Advance Varietal Trials (AVT) all over the country, except in Northern hills zone. These were the top ten strains which proved to be rust resistant under co-ordinated varietal testing.

4.5.5 Other pulses and oilseeds

a) Pulses

The important pulse crops of this region are chickpea, pigeonpea, and green gram. In chickpea varieties like JG-74 and Vijay are found suitable for both rainfed and irrigated conditions. They are also suitable for late sowing conditions to match rice-based crop sequence. In Kabuli chana, Sweta (ICCV-2) was found suitable both under rainfed and irrigated conditions. It can replace the prevalent variety L-550 which is highly susceptible for Fusarium wilt. In pigeonpea, Asha was found suitable for sole as well as inter-crop conditions. It has bold and brown colour seed and it is resistant to Fusarium wilt and sterility mosaic.

In Urd, TPU-4 is recommended inplace of T9 which is susceptible to yellow mossaic virus (YMV). For rabi Urd LBG-17 was found to be suitable for sown as well as utera conditions. Lathyrus is a very important crop of the region mainly grown under utera. However, this crop has a neurotoxin substance called ODAP. A variety Ratan (Bio L-212) was notified which was developed at IGAU which has a low ODAP content of 0.099% under upland and 0.005% under utera while in Pusa-24 which was recommended earlier, the ODAP content was 0.280% under upland and 0.285% under utera conditions.

b) Oilseed crops

Important oilseed crops of this region are linseed, rapeseed and mustard and niger. Soybean, though small in area earlier, now covers more than 1.0 lakh hectares in Raipur division.

Research work on linseed at Raipur is in progress since 1968-69. Varieties like R-552 and Kiran have been released from this University. Kiran is popular in other states like Maharashtra and Orissa too. The other promising lines are RLC-29 and RLC-47.

In rapeseed and mustard, T-9 and PT-303 varieties of rapeseed are performing well in Bastar and Northern Hill Zones.

In mustard, varieties Pusa bold and varuna are recommended for timely sown (Nov. 15) and Vardan and Kranti are recommended for late sown (upto 15th Dec.) conditions.

4.5.6 Plant Protection

4.5.6.1 Epidemeology studies of rice pests :

i) Field

June sown and July planted rice escapes the incidence of major pests. Later planting during August and September harbours more incidence of gall midge, leaf hopper, plant hopper, case worm, leaf folder, stem borer, cutworms etc. ii) Light trap

Gall midge is a major pest of rice in this region. It is attracted on light trap from September to early December. Leaf hopper, plant hopper, stem borer, leaf folder, case worm and grass hopper adults are attracted throughout the season mostly between 19.00 to 21.00 hours. Farmers are advised to keep the light traps on during these effective hours. Peak attraction of adult insects is followed by peak incidence in field.

4.5.6.2 Studies on Natural Enemies of Major Pests of rice

i) Gallmidge

On gallmidge (Orseolea oryzae )following parasitoids have been recorded.

S.No.	Name	Intensity	Active period
a b c d	Platygaster oryzae Neanastatus grallarius Obtusiolova oryzae Pimpla instigator	very effective important not regular minor minor	Oct.-Nov. Sep.-Oct. Sep.-Oct. Sep.-Oct.

These are active from September to November. It is advisable that during this period insecticidal application should be avoided if the parasitization is observed and ETL of the pests is under check.

ii) Leaf and Plant Hoppers

Against leaf and plant hoppers the following predators have been recorded giving effective control during crop seasons:

a b c d e f

Paederus fuscipes Cyrtorhynus lividipendis Lycosa pseudoannulata Menochilus sexmaculata Brumus suturalis Ophionea indica

Staphylinid beetle Mirid bug Spiders Lady bird beetle Coccinellid Carabacid beetle

4.5.6.3. Other pests

On yellow stem borer, leaf folder, case worm, cut worm and army worm, an egg parasitoid Trichomgramma japonicum was found effective. Cotesia spp. were observed on these pests in larval stage.

A bacterial disease, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found on larvae of Mythimna separata. Two days old larvae are most susceptible which are killed in 9 days. In other caterpillars like Melanitis ismene, Parnara methias and Spodoptera mauritia a fungus (Ampusa spp.) and viral diseases are also observed.

4.5.6.4. Incidence of aphids in Mustard

Mustard is a new crop introduced after rice in irrigated areas. Aphid is a major problem in popularising mustard crop. Therefore, studies were carried out to examine the incidence of aphid population under different dates of sowing. It was observed that aphid population was significantly increased if crop was sown on or after 30th November. The yield in both treated and untreated plots was drastically reduced if crop was sown beyond 30th November. Two sprays of methyl demeton 25 EC at flowering and poding stages can reduce the losses upto 39 to 47%.

4.5.7 Disease management

Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) and blast are the important diseases of rice. Most of the varieties evolved at IGAU possess resistance against BLB.

a) Gene relationship studies for bacterial leaf blight

Allelic relationship among genes for bacterial blight resistance in some of the rice accessions of MP rice germplasm was examined using pure isolates of the pathogen. Study revealed presence of two recessive genes in J 465, single dominant gene in H 82, T 167, S-885, S-152, K-2264 and one dominant and one recessive genes in K-197. All these genes were found to be non-allelic to Xa-3, Xa-4 and Xa-7, IRRI designated genes.

b) Pathogenic variability

Based on a large sample collected from different parts of Chhattisgarh, seven isolates were identified and designated as 6, 6R, 6-4R, 6-5R, 6-6R, 6-7R and 6-8R. With the help of pathogenic variability tests, the avirulence/ virulence reactions of different genotypes against isolates were prepared. Among these isolates 6-5R and 6-4R were found to be most virulent.

Observations on the natural incidence of BLB in nitrogen fertility gradient (0, 100, 200 and 400 kg N/ha) and targeted yield trials (30, 40, 50, 60 q/ha) clearly revealed that as the dose of nitrogenous fertilizer was increased, there was a corresponding increase in the severity of BLB.

4.5.8 Weed management

4.5.8.1 Direct seeded rice

Weed is a major problem hampering the rice yield under directed seeded conditions. To control the weeds, chemical weedicides were evaluated. Pre-emergence application of Anilofos (0.4 kg/ha) or Thiobencarb (1.0 kg/ha) followed by post emergence application of Cyhalofop Butyl @ 90 g/ha was found superior to application of Anilofos or Thiobencarb alone in reducing weed competition, particularly of Echinochloa colonum, which is a major weed and also in enhancing the grain yield.

The yield reduction due to weed competition under unweeded control was 72.5% whereas, the same was reduced to 11.6 and 16.4 % under anilofos + cyhanlotop butyl and thiobencarb + cyhalotop butyl respectively. Under herbicides, weed control efficiency of 77.2 % was observed under thiobencarb + cyhalofop butyl application

4.5.8.2 Soybean

Soybean is a new crop grown in heavy soils. Heavy weed infestation is observed during early stages of crop because of unworkable conditions in heavy soils. Therefore, chemical herbicides were tested to control weeds. Herbicides viz., Fluchloralin, Metolachlor, Metribuzine, or pendimethalin supplemented with one hand weeding at 40 DAS was found comparable to two hand weedings. These herbicides with reduced rate and supplemented with one hand weeding at 40 DAS were found to be superior to application of respective herbicide alone at higher rate.

4.5.9 Rice based multiple cropping system under irrigated conditions

In multiple cropping, the maximum net profit per unit area was obtained with early rice-cabbage-onion-jowar (fodder) (Rs.58,040 /ha) followed by rice - tomato-moong-jowar (F) crop sequence.

With medium duration rice (CI 300 %) vegetable mixed crop sequence, rice-tomato-jowar (F) gave maximum net return (Rs. 47,114) followed by rice-palak-onion, rice-cabbage-cluster beans.

With late duration rice based sequence, highest net profit could be obtained with rice-tomato-jowar (forage) followed by rice-onion-moong and rice-wheat-moong .

4.5.10 Nutrient management based on cropping system/soil test

4.5.10.1 Phosphorus

In rice - gram system, it was found that application of phosphorus to rice crop was available to gram crop .On the contrary, application of P to gram was not found beneficial. The application of P to rice is not available to wheat crop, whereas application of P to wheat is beneficial as compared to residual P in rice.

4.5.10.2 Nitrogen

The results of cropping system study in rainfed rice-gram sequence on nitrogen has indicated that direct seeded rice is more efficient in utilizing biological nitrogen fixed by gram. The study has indicated that considerable amount of mineral nitrogen ( NH4 + NO3 ) is accumulated in soil after gram and persists during summer season. In transplanted rice N is leached from the root zone as a result of water movements. Consequently rice crop could not get any benefit of fixed N by gram. Direct seeding of rice provides an opportunity of establishing rice plants in aerobic conditions, where relatively less water movement takes place. Hence, it can use biological nitrogen fixed by gram more efficiently.

4.5.11 Rain Water harvesting and Recycling

The technology for harvesting of rainwater from a field of 1 ha in a farm ponds (0.09 ha) dug in the field in such a way that 2/3 area falls above the pond and 1/3 area falls below the ponds has been developed. The upland area is used for growing upland crops like soybean, pigeonpea and lower area for growing rice. About 28 to 37 percent of total rain is collected as run- off in vertisols which is harvested in the tank. The producivity of upland crops improved significantly due to better drainage and the rice yields were higher, since supplemental irrigation could be given from water stored in the tank. The collected water after meeting the requirement of rice, could be used for the establishment of second crop after rice. This technology has a potential to convert monocropped rice area into assured double cropped area. The average of 5 year experimental results clearly showed that even in a drought year like 1992-93 , it was possible to have double crop in the entire field with the help of stored water.

4.5.12 Cultivation on Bunds

About 5-10 area of rice fields is under bunds in Chhattisgarh . Pigeonpea (Arhar) comes up well on both new as well as old bunds. Other crops that can be taken on bunds are mung, urd, rice bean, sesamum, niger, tomato, forages etc.

4.5.13 Double Cropping Technology

In rainfed rice fields double cropping can be achieved through rice with improved utera, but better by taking a normal rabi crop on residual moisture after harvesting short or medium duration rice. It is still better with rain water harvesting for protective irrigation in kharif and come-up irrigation for the rabi crop. In Bharris (unbunded vertisols) soybean followed by chickpea or soybean with arhar intercrop enables double cropping. With one irrigation very good crop of chickpea, linseed, and Lathyrus can be taken. There are good prospects with two irrigations for safflower or rapeseed / mustard and with three irrigations for wheat, sunflower.

4.5.14 Horticulture

Mango - Mango in the region matures 2-3 weeks earlier than in North India offering price and market opportunity. Langda, Dasheri, Amrapali, Mallika, Bombay Green are identified as table varieties, Rani Pasand for sucking, Batasiya and Karela for pickle and Morabba. Alley cropping with vegetables and legumes in mango orchards upto the age of 5-7 years is found beneficial.

Banana - Cultivars like Bhusawali, Robusta, Sonkela, Chinichampa and Lactin grow well in the region. Limited quantities of tissue cultured banana plants are being produced by IGAU.

Guava - Allahabad Safeda, Lucknow - 49, Gwalior - 27, Red Flesh are found promising in this region. Guava grows well throughout the region.

Papaya - Papaya cultivars, Coorg Honeydew, Pusa Dwarf, Pusa Nanha are found promising.

Arid Fruits - Grafted ber, custard apple, pomegranate, Karonda and Aonla do very well in uplands and even in Bhata soils.

Vegetables - Vegetables like tomato, brinjal, okra, cucurbits, cabbage, cauliflower, potato, cowpea, kundru, leafy vegetables and aroids do very well in the region and their varieties have been identified for cultivation. New crosses of some vegetables are also being developed. Nursery under poly houses and TPS have shown promise.

4.5.15 True Potato Seed

Efforts have been made to extend the technology for production of potato with the use of True Potato Seed (TPS). It was found that use of tuberlets proved better than the use of transplanted seedings of TPS for production of potato.

Looking to the promising results of use of tuberlets for potato production, different TPS populations were evaluated for tuberlets production.

Floriculture - Forty five varieties of roses have been collected and the buded plants of these varieties are being supplied to rose lovers. Besides, 110 varieties of cactai are collected from Bhuvaneswar and these are being multiplied on local root stocks since 1994-95. Tuberose is also being multiplied for distribution since 1996-97. IGAU actively associates with Chhattisgarh Horticultural Society in flower shows, plantations, seminars and symposia.

Spices - Onion, garlic, ginger, turmeric, chilli, coriander etc. are grown on commercial scale. Varieties have been evaluated and suitable ones are identified and recommended for the region. Cultivation of onions during kharif under well drained conditions is found promising.

4.5.15 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Region has rich biodiversity and many medicinal herbs grow under natural condition which are collected and marked. A National Conference organised by the University in 1997 had very good response.

4.5.16 Agro-Forestry

Mahua (Madhuca latifolia), Sal (Shorea robusta), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Babool (Accacia sp.) tarmarind, Jamun (Syzygium cumini), and Pipal (Ficus religiosa) are common species in cultivated areas. Multipurpose fast growing tree species such as Khamhar (Gmelina arborea), Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo), Poplar (Populus deltoides), Bakain, and Siris (Albizia sp.) have been tried. Fencing with suitable species and agro-forestry of Bhata lands reduced soil erosion effectively, added biomass, reduced soil acidity and improved fertility.

4.5.17 Farm Implements

Indira Seed Drill, a bullock drawn 4 - row seed drill developed by IGAU is found useful and accepted by the farmers for direct seeded line sown paddy. Potential equipment for tillage seeding, weeding, harvesting, threshing have been tested and results made available.

4.5.18 Livestock Improvement

University has Sahiwal herd at Anjora. Cattle improvement is being tried using drought resistant Illawara Cattle from Australia. On an average four transferable embryos are obtained per flush in Sahiwal donors and conception rate of transferred embryos is 75%. Patent application has been filed for a stimulator developed by the College of Veterinary Science & A.H.

4.5.19 Animal Nutrition

Paddy straw is main livestock feed in the region which is low in N and mineral contents, but high in anti nutritional components such as silica, oxalates and lignin. Crop residues and vegetation of feed value have been evaluated and low cost methods are evolved to upgrade them.

4.5.20 Animal Husbandry

4.5.20.1 Embryo Transfer Technology (ETT)

The College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anjora (Durg) is the only centre in the country where E.T.T. program on pure Sahiwal cow is in progress and first pure Sahiwal (indigenous breed) calf named "Gokul" has been produced on 16-11-94. Since then seven live E.T.T. calves have been produced from elite donors of pure Sahiwal breed and several recipient cows are pregnant out of embryo transfer.

Under the ICAR network programme on embryo transfer technology following results have been achieved :-

1. Developed protocol and methodology to economize the embryo transfer programme - superovulation through IVSM route which is first time in the world.
2. Produced Ist Illawara crossbred calf in the country through artificial insemination (A.I.).
3. Developed first time in India superovulatory protocol for Sahiwal.
4. First report of repeated superovulation response and embryo recovery in Sahiwal cow in one year yielding 13-15 transferable embryo in 4-5 flushing in one year in each cow.

4.5.20.2 Adaptability of Illawara crossbred cow

Illawara breed of cattle has been evolved by incorporating the qualities of Ayrshire, Devon and Short horn since 1930 in Australia. They are known for heat tolerance, resistance to sunburn, tick resistance, high milk production (maximum 11855 liters/lactation).

Studies were made to assess the growth rate, mortality and adaptability of Illawara crosses during summer season under Indian climatic conditions and to compare the responses with that of pure Sahiwal calves . A total of 18 animals, randomly divided into 3 groups viz. G1(1/2 illawara x 1/4 HF x 1/4 local), G2 (1/2 Illawara x 1/2 Sahiwal) and G3 (Pure Sahiwal), were used in the study. The mortality rate was higher in G1 genotype and lowest in G2. The body growth was lowest in G1 as compared to G2 and G3. The respiration rate was higher in G1 than G2 and G3. Hematological profiles viz. Hb, PCV, TEC were significantly higher in G3 whereas initial and complete fragility of erythrocytes & MCV was significantly higher in G1. Thus, it can be inferred from the studies that G2 genotype has comparable adaptability to that of most adaptable breed i.e., pure Sahiwal in summer season whereas G1 was least adaptable.

4.5.21 Fishery

Based on research technologies for early availability of fish seed, low cost nursery management, fish nutrition, and integerated fish culture have been developed, demonstrated and recommended for large scale adoption. The main constraint for low fish productivity is shortage of quality seed. In view of this research was carried out in

1. Breeding major carps (Catla, Labeo, Cirrhnus and Cyprinus)
2. Breeding catfish (Clarias and Heteropneutas)
3. Nursery management practices like
   • Scarcity of appropriate size of choice planktonic feed
   • Hazard of insects and their larvae
   • Infestation of ferry shrimps and copepods
4. Response of major carp fries to various types of feeds
5. Integrated farming, especially paddy cum fish culture and pond dyke farming (fish with horticulture crops)

4.5.22 Research for tribal areas

Keeping in view the low income of tribal population in the Bastar agroclimatic zone, the Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Jagdalpur has concentrated its efforts for the socio-economic upliftment of resource poor farmers by identifying/developing improved low cost technologies.

4.5.22.1 Varietal identification

i) Field crops

Crops and varieties suitable to different situations like upland, mid land and low land were identified. The crops and their varieties with yield level is given below :

Crop	Variety	Days to maturity	Yield (q/ha)
UPLAND
Rice	Aditya Annada Tulsi Kalinga-3	90 105 115 95	21.51 25.73 23.69 17.22
Kodo	GPUK-3 KMV-20 IGK-3(L.C.)	110 110 110	19.68 19.19 17.97
Kutki (Little millet)	Co-2 IGL-4 IGL-9	95 73 73	3.52 6.94 7.24
Ragi	HR 374 VL 14 PES 400	105 105 105	14.41 15.28 12.28
Arhar	ICPL 87 UPAS-120 LOCAL	180 130 150	7.84 3.80 2.40
Kulthi	K-42 BK-1 PDM-1 VZM-1	106 110 115 115	6.78 6.85 7.63 6.10
Urd	PU-30 T-9	85 80	4.34 5.02
Niger	IGP-76 GA-11 GA-10 LOCAL	80 85 85 75	2.94 2.97 2.18 2.22
Soybean	Gaurav Durga MACS-58	105 105 105	7.69 11.29 9.88
Maize	Navjot Ageti-70 Kiran	90 90 90	38.49 31.50 33.17
Sorghum	CSH-14 CSH-6 SPV-475 CSH-11	104 95 107 100	40.00 29.00 45.00 26.50
Rapeseed	T-9 PT-303	85 85	5.00 5.00
MIDLAND
Rice	IR-36 Ratna	135 134	34.97 34.06
Wheat	WH-147 GW-173 Lok-1	106 100 102	27.93 24.33 22.15
Linseed	Kiran R-552	105 105	4.28 3.34
Chickpea	JG-315 JG-74 ICCV-10 JG-89-7	115 115 115 115	12.14 14.32 14.38 14.06
Field pea	Rachna HPF-4	115 110	14.19 16.63
LOWLAND
Rice	Kranti Mahamaya Safri-17 Salivahana Pranav	135 140 147 157 152	37.80 45.50 40.94 41.17 42.54

ii ) New promising Cultures

Few promising cultures of small millets, Kulthi and rice have also been identified. These are:

Crop	Entry	Mean yield (q/ha)
Ragi Kulthi Kodo Kutki	IGK-1 IGBKH-51 IGBKK-3 IGL-4 IGL-9	18.7 4.6 22.2 11.8 11.2

4.5.22.2 Tuber crops

Tuber crops like cassava, sweet potato, dioscorea, colcoassia etc. are largely grown by tribal farmers and are extensively used as food. The high yielding varieties of different tuber crops were identified for Bastar region. These are :

S.No.	Crop	Recommended Varieties	Yield (q/ha)	Remarks
1	Cassava	H-119 BKC-1 H-165	190 171 165	Non branching Tolerant to mosaic Good table quality
2	Sweet potato	H-80/168 H-85-16 Sree Nandini H-85/168	170 157 153 259	-- Non fibrous Extra early, 90 days Extra early, 90 days
3	Greater Yam (Nagar Kanda)	DA-80 DA-60	224 171	Good cooking quality Good cooking quality
4	White Yam Dioscorea rotundata L.	Sree latha	196	Good cooking quality
5	Colocassia (Arvi)	Bk.col.1 White Gauriah Bk. col.2	251 201 250	Excellent quality

4.5.22.3 Vegetables, spices and fruit crops

The vegetable and spices crops like tomato, brinjal, peas, bhindi, onion, ginger, turmeric, chillies, coriander, potato and cowpea are grown in badi (kitchen garden) situations. Varietal identification work has been carried out and following varieties have been identified for Bastar region:

S.No.	Crops	Duration	Recommended	Yield	Remarks
1	Tomato	135	Arka vikas	358	Low TSS content preferred by tribals
		135	Pusa Gaurav	412	Suitable for summer season
		125	Arka Alok	415	Resistant
		125	Arka Saurabh	495	Suitable for processing
		120	Ratna (hybrid)	555	Low TSS content
		120	Moti (hybrid)	554	--do--
2	Brinjal	125	Pusa purple long	209	-
		125	Pusa purple round	250	Very popular among the tribals
		135	Suphal (hybrid)	225	Round type
3	Table pea	90	Arkel	39	Early type very popular among the tribals
		120	Bonneville	77	Medium durattion high yielder
		130	JM-1	75	Late high yielder
4	Okra (Bhindi)	125	Parbhani kranti	103	Resistant to yellow vein mosaic
5	Onion	125	Nasik Red	265	Very popular among tribals good keeping quality
6	Ginger	185	Surprabha	239	Resistant to Ginger rot disease
		200	Poona	202	Fibreless
7	Turmeric	190	Shillong	155	Early type suitable for water logging condition
		205	Roma	138	Popular among the tribals
		215	Surma	130	- do -
8	Chilli	175	Pusa sadabahar	15	Resistant to all diseases and very popular among the tribals
		135	Jawahar 218	15	Tolerant to mosaic and leaf curl diseases
		125	Pusa jwala	14	Resistant to mosaic long fruited type
9	Coriander	125	UD-41	13	Small seeded
		120	UD 21	10	- do -
		100	CS-4	6	Suitable for rainfed condition
10	Potato	90	Kufri	150	Early bulking type chandramukhi
11	Cow pea	90	Pusa komal	66	Bushy and dwarf type.
12	Mango	-	Dashehari	0.9 q/tree	Early
		-	Sunderja	1.4 q/tree	Late
		-	Baganpalli	1.3 q/tree	-
13	Banana	-	Basrai dwarf	10 t/ha	Immune to Panama wilt
		-	Chini champa	9 t/ha	Resistant to panama wilt
14	Papaya	-	Pusa dwarf	75-100t/ha	Gynodioceious
		-	Pusa delicious Coorg Honeydew	High yielding cv.	-
15	Pineapple	-	Kew Giant queen Simhachalam	70-80 t.ha	Performs well under shade
		-	Pusa delicious Coorg Honeydew	High yielding cv.	-

4.5.22.4 Fruit and plantation crops

For this region the different varieties of fruit crop recommended are as follows :

S.No.	Crop	Recommended Varieties
1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Mango Guava Papaya Banana Coconut Cashew Coffee	Dashheri, Langra, Alphonso, Sunderja and Amrapali Allahabad safed, L?49 and Red fresh Coorg Honey dew, Pusa Dwarf and Pusa Nanha Basrai Dwarf and Chini Champa WCT x GB (T x G), WCT x COD (T x D) WCT x GB Grafted V1, V2, V3, V4 and BPP series San Ramon

4.5.22.5 Studies on rice blast

i) Blast resistance

Paddy blast (Pyricularia oryzae) is an important disease in Bastar plateau region. Which is identified as hot spot of blast disease. Hence, a number of entries were tested against paddy blast under natural and artificial conditions.

ii) Chemical control

For the control of paddy blast, granule application of Kitazim 17 G at tillering stage and spraying with Bavistin 50 WP (0.1%) at heading stage were found effective and three sprays of Beam 75 WP (0.6 g.lit) was also found highly effective against paddy leaf and neck blast

4.5.22.6 Management of acidic soils

Most of the soils of Bastar plateau and Northern hills region are acidic in nature. Application of 75 kg P2O5/ha through rock phosphate is recommended for the acidic soils .

4.5.22.7 Mixed farming

Farmers in general and tribals in particular practice mixed farming. Therefore, mixed farming system with arable crops, dairy animals, goats, pig, poultry, ducks, fish and other subsidiaries have been tested. This system also increases the opportunity for employment and will add to their income.

Under the mixed farming, a model of 'crop?livestock?fish farming' was developed in 1.5 ha land holding. On this land holding 7 sets of combination were evaluated to find out the best suited one for tribal people. A model having 2 cows + 15 goats + 10 poultry birds + 10 ducks + fish (0.15 ha ponds) along with crop cultivation in 1.1 ha area was found to be the best with a net income of Rs. 44,911 per year against arable farming alone (Rs 24, 093 per year) .

4.5.23 Tribal and hilly areas( Surguja)

4.5.23.1 Crop management

Pigeon pea, kulthi, maize and niger are important kharif crops grown in unbunded soils of Northern hill zone. The suitable varieties identified and crop management practices of these crops are as below:

i) Rice

In Northern hills upland rice occupies about 25-30 percent of rice area. Identification of suitable early duration varieties is the mandate of rice research. Rice varieties Kalinga-3, Vandana and BR-21 are recommended in place of local varieties with 60:40:30 kg NPK/ha.

In Bahara soils of this region, water contineously flows and the rice fields in these soils are categorized as semi-deep. A local cultivar "Jaldubi" has been identified for this situation. This variety is resistant to gallmidge and blast.

ii) Pigeon pea

Varieties like ICPL-267, TAT-10 and UPAS-120 are recommended to be sown at a spacing of 30 cm and Mainpat (local) at 60 cm spacing with a fertilizer dose of 20:60:20 kg NPK/ha. Alachlor @ 1.25 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence + one hand weeding at 50 DAS can be used for effective weed control. Two sprays at flowering cum podding stage would be essential either by endosulfan 35 EC @ 1.5 litre/ha or Monocrotophos 36 EC @ 1 litre/ha to control pod borer. Other varieties like ICL 87089-3EB & IC 8094-2-52 were found promising against pest complex with higher yield (1.5 t/ha).

iii) Kulthi

Varieties K-42, Birsa Kulthi & local cultivar SK-3 are recommended to be sown from last week of August to first week of September with a fertilizer dose of 20:40:30 NPK kg/ha. The red hairy caterpillar which is the major insect for this crop can effectively be controlled by spraying methyl parathion 0.05% or monocrotophos 0.04% or quinalphos 0.05% or endosulfan 0.07 %.

iv) Niger

Varieties Ootakmond, N-35, IGP 76 and Chhindawara-1 are to be sown from third week of July to second week of August with a fertilizer dose of 20:20:10 NPK kg/ha. Intercroping of niger + kulthi (1:1 row) at 20 cm row spacing proved as more remunerative cropping system than sole cropping of niger. The crop was less affected by defoliators like Perigia sp., Diacrisia obliqua & Amsacta spp. when sown in between 15th to 30th August. The defoliators can effectively be controlled by spraying 0.07% endosulfan without harming honey bee activity.

v) Maize

Maize (variety Vijay composite & Navjot) recommended to be planted in between 27 June and 4 July with a fertilizer dose of 120:60:40 NPK kg/ha. Herbicides like Metribuzin 0.5 kg a.i./ha or oxadiazon 0.75 kg a.i./ha as pre- emergence may be used with hand weeding at 30 days after sowing to control weeds. Maize + Soybean (1:1) intercropping is more remunerative than sole cropping of maize. Application of 150 kg N + 40 kg zinc sulphate/ha and application of 5 tonnes organic manure of niger crop residue /ha produced 18.96% and 41% higher grain yield respectively.

4.5.24.2 Control of erosion in hilly area

In the Northern hill zone splash erosion is a severe problem in upland areas. Evaluation of different cultivation systems of maize and soybean in upland against splash erosion and canopy development revealed that minimum soil splashing was observed with maize + Soybean (1:1) intercropping and sowing across the slope (soil splashing 0.68 t/ha) due to highest canopy development (98.1 %).

4.5.24.3 Identification of tree species

Khamhar, poplar and Sisoo planted at 2m x 2m distance were found to be suitable trees for acidic soils of Surguja. Crops like soybean, Urd and mung can be grown as intercrop between these trees for first 3 years and thereafter ginger and turmeric are found suitable for alley cropping for next 2-3 years.

4.5.24.4 Introduction of litchi in Surguja

In hilly region of Chhattisgarh, especially in Surguja, a new horticulture tree crop, litchi has been introduced. The germplasm of litchi has been collected from different parts of the country and has been evaluated in Ambikapur. Litchi varieties Ambika sel?1, Ambika sel?2, Rose Scented and Shahi are preferred by the farmers for their good yield and quality.

Under agroforestry system also loss of soil due to splash erosion studied. The species khamhar at 4 x 3 m spacing intercropped with soybean recorded the lowest soil loss of 0.5 t/ha with 80 per cent canopy development against 3.2 t/ha soil loss due to splash erosion under open field conditions.

4.5.24.5 Honey bee rearing

Honey bee rearing is a potential allied business for this region. A new Italian honey bee species Apis melifera was identified for bee keeping . It produces 40?50 per cent higher honey as compared to local bee Apis cerana India. The Apis melifera is docile in nature and has less biting habit as compared to other species. About 200 farmers have been trained in bee rearing at Ambikapur.

4.5.24.6 Agroforestry

After five years of plantation in agroforestry system in tree species Khamhar and Sirus attain significantly higher coller diameter as well as diameter at breast height (CD 41 cm and 41 cm DBH 39 and 40 cm respectively) whereas , Poplar recorded the highest followed by Khamhar and Sisoo. (Height of poplar 13.4m Khamhar 8.6 m and Sisoo 8.4 m)

Among intercrops in Kharif soybean gave highest average yield (10.12 q/ha) and in rabi wheat gave the highest yield (27.08 q/ha) and economic return followed by pea and linseed (9.93 q/ha and 11.04 q/ha respectively).

In agroforestry system additional nitrogen (20 kg/ha), phosphorus (3.7 kg/ha) and potash (12 kg/ha) and an increase of 30 to 40% in organic carbon were recorded as compared with normal cultivation. This system has also reduced the soil erosion by 20 to 45% with increase in soil moisture conservation from 16 to 23 %.

4.5.25 TECHNOLOGIES VERIFIED ON FIELD SCALE

4.5.25.1 Demonstrations

Front line demonstrations on rice and first line demonstrations on oilseeds and pulses are being conducted in farmers' fields in different research stations by the scientists. The objective of these demonstrations are as below:

1. To demonstrate the latest improved technologies
2. To assess technologies under field conditions
3. To provide first hand scientific feedback
4. To provide training and community support
5. To evolve extension modes and
6. To design socio-economic research models under transfer of technology programme.

4.5.25.2 Front line demonstration of rice

Front-line demonstrations (FLD) are conducted in farmers' fields by the scientists to appraise the farmers about the characteristics and production potential of the new rice varieties and to educate the farmers regarding the latest production technologies i.e.. line sowing package of rice, improved biasi, seed treatment, fertilizer blending and placement etc. During the kharif.1998, Mahamaya, Kranti, Kasturi, PNR 381 and Poornima have been tried under FLDs at different villages conducted by different departments and research stations of IGAU.

4.5.26 Future Research Thrusts

• Breeding of rice varieties of 125-130 days duration with good grain quality to replace Safri/Swarna.
• Recycling and management of rain water
• Special emphasis on basic research
• Quality rice for export market
• Fruit preservation and processing
• Improvement / substitute for biasi system of rice cultivation
• Intensification of upland rice research
• Erosion control in hilly areas
• Soil quality and resilience
• Natural resources inventory and agro-ecological characterisation
• Value addition to crops of tribal importance
• Improvement in local breed of live stock and strengthening of E.T.A.
• Strengthening of research on fruit, vegetable, spices, medicinal and ornamental plants.
• Added emphasis on forage improvement work
• Diversification of crop - replacement of unremunerative crops with remunerative ones.

4.6 Extension Education

Though the Directorate of Extension Services is yet to be strengthened like other agricultural universities in India, it has successfully carried out the assigned multifaced activities and has been instrumental in transfer of technology to the grass root level by establishing a direct linkage between the scientists and farmers. The multipurpose task of the Directorate of Extension has been divided and shared by the three following units :

1. Farm Advisory Service Unit.
2. Training Unit.
3. Information and Communication Unit.

4.6.1 Farm advisory Service Unit

The main function of Farm Advisory Services Unit is to carry out various demonstration programmes and to train the extension personnel and farmers. The Training Unit organizes and conducts various local and national level training programmes.

4.6.2 Trainings

1. Inservice Trainings : Training Unit at Raipur and all KVKs at Badgaon, Bilaspur, Ambikapur and Durg are organizing inservice training programmes for field extension officers under the administrative control of this Directorate.
2. Institutional Trainings for Farmers and Farm Women : Need based institional trainings in various fields are arranged for farmers and farm women and rural youth.
3. Off-campus Trainings : Directorate of Extension Service, IGAU, Raipur is imparting off campus training to cater the needs of the farming community through its various units viz., training unit, Raipur (H.Q.), KVKs-Badgaon, Bilaspur, Ambikapur and Anjora Durg.
4. First Line Demonstrations : This Directorate is also conducting First Line Demonstrations on paddy, oilseed and pulse crops through its various units, with the objective of demonstrating the latest improved technologies on the farmers fields.

4.6.3 Communication Centre

The Information and Communication Unit is playing a key role in dispersion of technologies by publishing useful literature related to ongoing research work and also extension work for the use for common farmers. In brief the activities of this unit is as follows :

Publications

1. Magazine : The Directorate of Extension Service, IGAU, Raipur is regularly publishing a quarterly magazine "Chattisgarh Kheti" from January 1994. This magazine is becoming very popular among the extension workers and the farmers of the region.
2. Package of practices : Looking to the needs of farmers and extension workers the Directorate has published a package of practices of rice, a major crop of this region.
3. Extension bulletins : For the benefits of the farmers and extension workers, the Directorate has published the extension bulletins, leaflets, folders on various topics related o agriculture and allied fields.
   
   
   1. Chhattisgarh main Dalhan Utpadan
   2. Chhattisgarh main tilhan utpadan
   3. Dhan ke hanikarak keeton ko marne wale kisano ke mitra jeev
   4. Mushroom ke swadist vyanjan
   5. Package of practices for Animal Husbandry and poultry
   6. Package of practices for Inland Fisheries
   7. Arhar ke pramukh keet evam niyantran
   8. Pramukh bahupyogi vrakshon ki krishi waniki karyamala.

4.7 Seed Production Programme

To cater the needs of quality seed of different crops, IGKV started production, processing, grading, packing and marketing of certified seeds of important crops. The certified seeds are sold as 'Indira Seeds'. The University is one of the largest producers of breeder seed of rice in the country. During 1997-98. IGAU produced 279 quintals of breeder seed of 15 rice varieties. Besides rice, breeder seeds of linseed, soybean, blackgram, red gram and groundnut are also produced.

4.9 Income Generation

Efforts have been initiated from this year (1998-99) to generate income and to increase revenue of the University by i) improving seed production programme, ii) conducting vocational training courses to village women and unemployed youth, iii) nursery development of important vegetable and fruit tree crops.

4.10 Medical Centre

The University has a small dispensary with one medical officer and one compounder. The medical centre is equipped with all the minimum required equipment for medical check up.

5. IMPACT

The impacts of the research and extension can easily be seen when the productivity pattern of important crops is critically examined.

5.1 Increasing in Crop Productivity

In the last 1 1/2 decades the productivity of rice is increased by 41 per cent in Chhattisgarh plains while the productivity of small millets like Kodo-kutki increased by 14 per cent. Similarly, the productivity of pigeonpea increased by 32 per cent in Chhattisgarh plains. The increase in productivity (%) of different crops in the three agroclimatic zones is as follows :

Crop	Chhattisgarh Plains	Bastar Plateau	Northern Hills
Rice Kodo-Kutki Arhar Lathyrus Linseed Gram Wheat Mustard Maize	41 14 32 4 35 50 55 60 -	12 56 74 - 20 - - 78 1	55 13 41 - - - 67 53 33

Regarding lathyrus, the increase in productivity is not much because no new varieties are released or identified during last 15 years. Lathyrus contains a toxic substance known as ODAP and it is the mandate to identify varieties with low ODAP content (< 0.1 %). Now, a few varieties like Bio L-212 and Pusa-24 have been identified with ODAP content less than 0.1 %. Regarding linseed, IGAU is the pioneering institution for linseed breeding and in Chhattisgarh all the local varieties have been replaced by Kiran and R-552, the two varieties released by IGAU.

5.2 Farm Pond Technology

The rain water harvesting through farm pond technology developed by IGKV is being widely used by the farmers of the region to mitigate the adverse impact of water stress due to prolonged dry spells. Sixty two demonstration ponds, spread in the watershed areas of Chhanali nala in Gariabund, Urman nala of Mainpur, Chamara nala of Bagbahara constructed in the farmers' field under NWDPRA performed well even in severe drought year like 1996.

The impact of other technologies like line sowing of rice, rice bund cultivation, eradication of wild rice through purpled colour rice variety 'Shyamala', etc. can clearly be seen in this area.

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